高中英语：轻松记忆考纲3500词构词法+阅读理解题4篇

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　　高中英语：轻松记忆考纲3500词构词法

　　学习构词法的意义是什么呢?没错，就是它可以使我们能够轻松容易的认识更多单词，以一种巧妙的方式扩大词汇量。英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。

　　转化法、合成法和派生法

　　1

　　转化法(conversion)

　　在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。

　　1. 动词转化为名词

　　Let me have a try. 让我试试。

　　They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.

　　在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。

　　2. 名词转化为动词

　　He shouldered his way through the crowd.

　　他用肩膀推开人群前进。

　　The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.

　　从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。

　　3. 形容词转化为动词

　　We will try our best to better our living conditions.

　　我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

　　They tried to perfect the working conditions.

　　他们努力改善工作条件。

　　4. 形容词转化为名词

　　He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.

　　他不辨是非。

　　The old in our village are living a happy life.

　　我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

　　5. 形容词转化为副词

　　How long have you lived there?

　　你在那儿住多久了?

　　6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词

　　Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.

　　穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。

　　Life is full of ups and downs.

　　人生有得意时也有失意时。

　　His argument contains too many ifs and buts.

　　他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。

　　2

　　合成法(composition)

　　由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词(compounds)。合成词的写法由习惯决定，可以写在一起，也可以用连词符号连接。

　　1. 合成名词

　　名词/代词+名词

　　newspaper blood-test she-wolf

　　动词+名词

　　typewriter pickpocket daybreak

　　形容词+名词

　　greenhouse highway

　　副词+名词

　　overcoat outside

　　名词+v.-ing/v.-ing +名词

　　handwriting reading-room freezing-point

　　动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词

　　breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome

　　名词+介词+名词

　　sister-in-law editor-in-chief

　　2. 合成形容词

　　名词+形容词/形容词+名词

　　world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term

　　副词+形容词

　　over-anxious evergreen

　　名词+过去分词

　　man-made sun-burnt

　　名词+现在分词

　　peace-loving English-speaking

　　形容词+现在分词

　　good-looking easy-going

　　副词+过去分词

　　well-informed widespread

　　副词+现在分词

　　hardworking far-reaching

　　形容词+名词+ed

　　warm-hearted absent-minded

　　数词+名词+ed

　　three-legged ten-storied

　　数词+名词

　　one-way five–star

　　数词+名词+形容词

　　ten-year-old 800-meter-long

　　名词+to+名词

　　face –to-face door - to -door

　　3. 合成动词

　　名词+动词

　　baby-sit sleepwalk

　　副词+动词

　　outnumber underestimate overwork

　　形容词+动词

　　whitewash

　　4. 合成副词

　　形容词+名词

　　meanwhile anyway

　　形容词+副词

　　everywhere anyhow

　　副词+副词

　　however

　　介词+名词

　　beforehand overhead

　　介词+副词

　　forever

　　5. 合成代词

　　代词宾格+self/selves

　　herself themselves

　　物主代词+self/selves

　　myself yourselves

　　形容词+名词

　　anything nothing

　　6. 合成介词

　　副词+名词

　　inside outside

　　介词+副词

　　without within

　　副词+介词

　　into

　　3

　　派生法

　　由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。

　　1. 前缀

　　除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。

　　(1)表示否定意义的前缀

　　un-unhappy unfinished undress

　　dis- disagree disbelieve

　　in[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir(在字母r前)]-inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular

　　mis-misbehave mislead mistake

　　non-nonstop nonsmoker

　　(2)表示其他意义的前缀

　　en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage

　　inter-“相互” international intercontinental

　　re-“再，又，重” rethink retell recycle

　　tele-“远程的” telescope telephone telegraph

　　auto-“自动的” automatic automobile

　　co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist

　　anti-“反对，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear

　　multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor

　　bi-“双，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral

　　micro-“极小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer

　　over-“太多，过分” overwork overdo overestimate

　　self-“自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control

　　under-“在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate

　　2. 后缀

　　(1)形容词后缀

　　-able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable

　　-al“与……有关的” physical, magical, political

　　-an“属于某地方的人” American African

　　-ern“方向” southern, northern, eastern

　　-ful/ less“(没)有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless

　　-ish“如……的;有……特征的” foolish childish selfish

　　-ive“有……倾向的” active attractive expensive

　　-en“由……制成的” golden wooden woolen

　　-ous“有(性质)的” famous, dangerous, poisonous

　　-ly “有……性质的” friendly yearly daily

　　-y“构成形容词” noisy dusty cloudy

　　(2)名词后缀

　　-er / or“表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

　　-ese“某国(人)的” Chinese, Japanese

　　-ian“某国、某地人;精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician

　　-ist“某种主义或职业者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist

　　-ess“表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess

　　-ment“行为或其状态” government, movement, achievement

　　-ness“性质，状态” illness, sadness, carelessness

　　-tion“动作，过程，结果” invention, organization, translation

　　-ance/ ence“抽象;行为、性质、状态” importance, appearance, absence, existence

　　-th“性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth

　　-ful“(满的)量” handful, spoonful, mouthful

　　-(a)bility“抽象、性质、状态” possibility, disability, reliability

　　-al“过程、状态” survival, arrival, approval

　　-y“性质、情况” modesty, delivery, honesty

　　-dom“处于……状态;性质” freedom, boredom

　　-age“状态，行为，身份及其结果” courage, storage, marriage

　　(3)动词后缀

　　-fy / ify“使得;变得” simplify, beautify, purify

　　-en“使成为……;变得” shorten, deepen, sadden

　　-ize“使成为” apologize, realize, specialize

　　(4)副词后缀

　　-ly“方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily

　　ward(s)“向……” towards, forward, upwards

　　(5)数词后缀

　　-teen“十几” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

　　-ty“整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty

　　-th“序数词” twelfth, twentieth

　　高考英语一轮复习阅读理解4篇

　　【2016年沈阳市高中三年级教学质量监测(一)】阅读理解。阅读下面短文，选择最佳答案填空。

　　C

　　In 2013 alone at least 20,000 African elephants were killed for their teeth. In South Africa over the last two years more than 2,200 rhinos were killed for their horns. These numbers are alarming, because current rates of illegal hunting are faster than birth rates,which could lead to extinction for these ecologically important creatures in their environment. Indeed, some elephant and rhino populations are on track to be locally extinct within the next decade.

　　If you are reading this, you may already be aware of these facts. But you might not know that wildlife trafficking(走私) not only threatens the existence of elephants and rhinos but is also leading to extinction of other species, such as tigers, tortoises, sea turtles and the worlds most trafficked mammal(哺乳动物)pangolins.

　　Pangolins are the only mammals that are entirely covered in tough scales(鳞), which makes them look very strong. But actually they are endangered mammals. There are eight different species of pangolins, four in Asia and four in Africa, and all are threatened with extinction. Although pangolins are protected throughout most of the countries where they live, high demand in East Asia, where the delicious pangolin meat is considered a delicacy and where their scales are used in traditional medicines, is driving an illegal trade in both live animals and pangolin parts. The number of pangolin trafficking is shocking. Experts believe that over the last 10 years more than 1 million pangolins were taken from the wild. It is estimated that between 40,000 and 81,250 pangolins were killed for the illegal trade in 2013 alone.

　　In February, the United States released a plan to deal with wildlife trafficking, which lays out the steps we will take to fight the illegal trade in wildlife, including pangolins. We are strengthening the carrying out of the plan; building international cooperation and contribution to protect wildlife; raising awareness to drive down the demand that is fuelling the illegal trade.

　　Get involved and remember World Wildlife Day (March 3) by spreading the plan. Use social media and tell everyone that now is the time to get serious about wildlife crime and end the demand that threatens species, big and small, from the huge elephant to the shy pangolin.

　　1. How many endangered creatures are mentioned in the passage?

　　A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7.

　　2. Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 3? A. Eight species of pangolins live on the same continent.

　　B. Pangolins are not protected in most of their natural habitats.C. The scales of pangolins can be used as an ingredient for cooking.

　　D. High demand contributes to the illegal trade of pangolins in East Asia.

　　3. What can we know about the plan released by the US?

　　A. Social media will be used to spread World Wildlife Day.

　　B. Whether the plan will be worked out remains to be seen.

　　C. The US will work together with other countries to protect wildlife.

　　D. More and more people are advised to increase their needs of pangolins.

　　4. What is the authors intention of writing the passage? A. To inform us something about World Wildlife Day.

　　B. To raise awareness of protecting endangered wildlife.

　　C. To explain why pangolins are illegally traded in East Asia.

　　D. To show how the United States is to fight the illegal trade in wildlife.

　　参考答案14、CDCB

　　(二)

　　【2016模拟冲刺试题】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Several weeks ago, a mysterious Christmas card dropped through our mailbox. The envelope was addressed to a man named Raoul, who, I was relatively certain, did not live with us. The envelope wasnt sealed, so I opened it. The inside of the card was blank. Ed, my husband, explained that the card was both from and to the newspaper deliveryman. His name was apparently Raoul, and Raoul wanted a holiday tip. We were meant to put a check inside the card and then drop the envelope in the mail. When your services are finished at 4 a.m., you cant simply hang around, like a hotel bellboy expecting a tip. You have to be direct.

　　So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who, in my imagination, fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door, causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated(复杂的) black market fireworks. With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a.m. wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite(怨恨): I had not tipped Raoul in Christmas past. I honestly hadnt realized I was supposed to. This was the first time hed used the card tactic(策略). So I got out my checkbook. Somewhere along the line, holiday tipping went from an optional thank-you for a year of services to a Mafia-style protection racket (收保护费组织).

　　Several days later, I was bringing our garbage bins back when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids. The outside of the envelope said MICKEY. It had to be another tip request, this time from our garbage collector. Unlike Raoul, Mickey hadnt enclosed his own Christmas card from me. In a way, I appreciated the directness. I know you dont care how merry my Christmas is, and thats fine, the gesture said. I want $30, or Ill forget to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day. I put a check in the envelope and taped it back to the bin. The next morning, Ed noticed that the envelope was gone, though the trash hadnt yet been picked up: Someone stole Mickeys tip! Ed was quite certain. He made me call the bank and cancel the check. But Ed had been wrong. Two weeks later, Mickey left a letter from the bank on our steps. The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled.

　　The following Tuesday morning, when Ed saw a truck outside, he ran out with his wallet. Are you Mickey? The man looked at him with scorn(轻蔑). Mickey is the garbageman. I am the recycling. Not only had Ed insulted(侮辱) this man by suggesting that he was a garbageman, but he had obviously neglected to tip him. Ed ran back inside for more funds. Then he noticed that the driver of the truck had been watching the whole incident. He peeled off another twenty and looked around, waving bills in the air. Anyone else?

　　Had we consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute, this embarrassing break of etiquette (礼节) could have been avoided. Under trash/recycling collectors in the institutes Holiday Tipping Guidelines, it says: $10 to $30 each. You may or may not wish to know that your hairdresser, mailman and UPS guy all expect a holiday tip.

　　55. The newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope because_____________________.

　　A. he wanted the couple to pay for the newspaper

　　B. he forgot to write a few words on it

　　C. he used it to ask for a Christmas tip

　　D. he was afraid of asking for a tip in person

　　56. From the passage, we learn that the author_________.

　　A. didnt like Raouls way of delivering the paper

　　B. didnt realize why Raoul delivered the paper that way before

　　C. didnt know that Raoul delivered the paper for them

　　D. didnt feel it necessary to meet Raoul when he came

　　57. According to the passage, the author felt ______to give Raoul a holiday tip.

　　A. excited B. happy C. embarrassed D. forced

　　58. Which of the following is true about Mickey, the garbage collector?

　　A. He wrote a letter to the couple afterwards.

　　B. He failed to collect the money from the bank.

　　C. He wanted the couple to send him a Christmas card.

　　D. He collected both the check and the garbage that day.

　　59. Eds encounter(遭遇) with the recycling team shows that________________________________.

　　A. Ed was desperate to correct his mistake

　　B. Ed only wanted to give money to Raoul

　　C. Ed was unwilling to tip the truck driver

　　D. Ed no longer wanted to give them money

　　60. From the passage we can infer that __________________________________________.

　　A. their garbage bin might not be emptied one day if the writer didnt give tips

　　B. the writer could have avoided giving tips if they had consulted the website of the Emily Post Institute

　　C. the writers husband didnt know Raoul at all

　　D. the writers family was too poor to give the tips

　　参考答案

　　55. C 根据第二段中的I had not tipped Raoul in Christmas past和This was the first time hed used the card tactic可知Raoul是想要圣诞节小费。D中的was afraid of文章中未提到。

　　56. B 根据第二段中的With a start, I realized that perhaps the reason for the 4 a.m. wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness可知作者以前并不知道Raoul这样扔报纸和发出噪音的原因。

　　57. D 根据第二段中的I honestly hadnt realized I was supposed to可知作者是被迫付费的。

　　58. B 根据第四段中的The letter informed Mickey that the check, which he had tried to cash, had been cancelled.可知他没拿到钱。

　　59. A 根据倒数第二段Ed拿着钱包去问司机可知他拼命想改正原先未付小费的错误。

　　60. A 根据Ill forget to empty your garbage bin some hot summer day.可以推断出正确答案。

　　(三)

　　【2016仿真模拟冲刺卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Sixteen years ago I learned this lesson in the back of a New York City taxi cab.Heres what happened.I hopped in a taxi, and we took off for Grand Central Station.We were driving in the right lane when, all of a sudden, a black car jumped out of a parking space right in front of us.My taxi driver slammed on his brakes, skidded, and missed the other cars back end by just inches!

　　The driver of the other car, who almost caused a big accident, started yelling bad words at us.My taxi driver just smiled and waved at the guy.And I mean he was friendly.So, I said, Why did you just do that?This guy almost ruined your car and sent us to the hospital! And this is when my taxi driver told me what I now call The Law of the Garbage Truck.

　　Many people are like garbage (rubbish) trucks.They run around full of garbage, full of frustration, full of anger, and full of disappointment.As their garbage piles up, they need a place to dump it.And if you let them, theyll dump it on you.When someone wants to dump on you, dont take it personally.You just smile, wave, wish them well, and move on.Youll be happy with what you did.

　　I started thinking, how often do I let Garbage Trucks run right over me?And how often do I take their garbage and spread it to other people at work, at home, or on the streets?It was that day

　　I said, Im not going to do anymore.

　　Successful people do not let Garbage Trucks take over their day.What about you?If you let more garbage trucks pass you by, youll be happier.Lifes too short to wake up in the morning with regrets.So, Love the people who treat you right.Forget about the ones who dont.

　　41.What happened one day when the author was taking a taxi?

　　A.The taxi almost hit another car.

　　B.The taxi driver was injured.

　　C.The author scolded the driver of the other car.

　　D.The author learned a lesson from the driver of the garbage truck.

　　42.How did the taxi driver respond to the behavior of the driver of the black car?

　　A.He yelled back at the driver.

　　B.He sent the driver to the hospital.

　　C.He was friendly towards the driver.

　　D.He dumped some garbage in front of his car.

　　43.What does the taxi driver think of people according to Paragraph 3?

　　A.Many people like to drive garbage trucks.

　　B.Many people dump garbage wherever they like.

　　C.Many people are warm-hearted to make others happy.

　　D.Many people tend to be very much depressed.

　　44.What can we infer from Paragraph 4?

　　A.The author used to have a lot of garbage trucks.

　　B.The author used to complain a lot.

　　C.The author used to have a lot of money.

　　D.The author used to be a good manager.

　　45.According to the passage, what should you do if people dump garbage on you?

　　A.Ignore them and go on with our own work.

　　B.Try our best to persuade them not to do that again.

　　C.Tell them to dump the garbage in the right place.

　　D.Take over their work and carry the garbage to somewhere else.

　　【参考答案】41---45ACDBA

　　(四)

　　【2016高考训练题】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　Using tablet computers like Apples iPad and Samsungs Galaxy Note just before bed can lead to a poor nights sleep, according to research.

　　More and more people are taking their tablets to bed with them to surf the web, check Facebook or email before switching off the light. But researchers are warning that the blueish light their screens emit can stop users getting a good nights sleep. That is because this type of light mimics daylight, convincing the brain that it is still daytime. Blue light suppresses production of a brain chemical called melatonin, which helps us fall sleep. This is because our brains have evolved to be wakeful during daylight hours. By contrast, light which is more orange or red in tone does not reduce melatonin production, perhaps because our brains recognize it as a cue that the day is ending.

　　Neurologists (神经病学家) have known for years that staring at screens late in the evening can disrupt sleep. Researchers at the Lighting Research Centre, at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York, are warning that looking at tablet displays for more than two hours leads to a suppression of our natural melatonin levels as the devices emit optical radiation (光辐射) at short wavelengths - in other words, they emit bluer light.

　　They say: Although turning off devices at night is the ultimate solution, it is recommended that if these devices are used at night displays are dimmed as much as possible and that the time spent on them before bed should be limited.

　　They drew their conclusions after measuring melatonin levels in 13 volunteers, after they had spent time viewing iPads at full brightness at a distance of 10 inches, for two hours. Melatonin levels were significantly lower after they had done this, than they were after the volunteers had viewed their iPads for the same time, but while wearing orange glass goggles, which cut out the blue light.

　　They wrote in the journal Applied Ergonomics that tablet makers could tune the spectral power distribution of self-luminous devices (自发光设备的频谱功率分布) so that they disrupted the sleep patterns of users less.

　　It is not just a good nights sleep that could be jeopardized (危害) by too much late night screen time. Researchers know that persistent disruption to sleep patterns can lead to an increased risk of obesity, and even breast cancer. However, these studies tend to be comparisons of those with chronic (慢性的) sleep disruption, such as long term shift workers, with those who have normal sleep patterns.

　　12. What is it that stops users getting a good nights sleep?

　　A. Screens B. blueish light C. Melatonin D. Orange or red light

　　13. Based on their findings, researchers have made the following suggestions except that ________.

　　A. Devices like iPads should be turned off at night.

　　B. Tablet makers should make improvements in devices.

　　C. Users should view iPads at full brightness instead of wearing orange glass goggles.

　　D. The time spent on screen before bed should be controlled.

　　14. We can infer from the passage that _________.

　　A. Orange and red light does no good to a good nights sleep.

　　B. Our brains recognize orange or red light in tone as a cue that the day is ending.

　　C. The less melatonin our body produces, the easier we fall asleep.

　　D. Too much late night screen time leads to more than sleep problem.

　　15. The writers purpose for writing this article is to ________.

　　A. inform readers of a recent research.

　　B. complain about problems caused by using iPads before bed.

　　C. offer some suggestions on late night screen viewing.

　　D. advocate late night screen viewing.

　　参考答案12-15 BCDA